Basic Income Alternatives Reconsidered
The debate and protests over the importance of an unconditional basic income policy for our time have been spreading worldwide and gathering momentum. Here in Brazil we keep an open ear due to the success of conditional transfer policies (The Bolsa Família program) and also because we have a moot 2004 law that says that such universal and unconditional money transfer is to be inaugurated in Brazil, “in steps”. Most view Bolsa Família as one such “step”. I have been following the idea for over five years together with other activists, trying to implement a basic income pilot program here, in a small city. This is a distilled reflection of my current view about how to make utopia turn into a “protopia”, a term proposed by Kevin Kelly as a “gradual improvement in humanity” or a viable utopia.
The camp of supporters in the world is diverse and we can see two distinct and extreme interpretations of the idea:
One group sees basic income as a way to increase government through social welfare and “eliminate” work that they see as exploitative and envision complete maintenance of social services and centralized decisions, besides the monthly unconditional grant, independent from work.
Another group embrace basic income as a tool to drastically reduce government, replacing the social programs with the monthly grant independent of work.
These polarized views also disclose an important characteristic of the idea: it attracts people from the entire political spectrum, something that certainly will help future implementation. There is another surprising coincidence in all basic income visions reported in writing and video: the unanimous presentation of what I will call the “classical model”: the monthly grant will be bestowed upon all: rich, middle-class, poor and unemployed. I seldom met anyone who dared to challenge the idea of rewarding people with economic means and a job. To me this is in contrast with was in fact a strategy to eliminate poverty and the attached main evil of social welfare programs: the “poverty trap”. This is a phenomenon in which you punish economic success by removing the benefit as soon as someone is employed or becomes an entrepreneur. The poverty trap creates an incentive to stay put and avoid the risk of relinquishing the subsidy and face the competitive world outside.
A basic income payment is a right for everyone without a decent earning, whatever the reason. The logical justification is that society as a whole has been unable to provide opportunities for everyone either as an entrepreneur or an employee with the government or the private sector. Additionally the increasing efficiency in production, and the great advances in microelectronics, artificial intelligence and robotics are on the way to eliminating jobs on a massive scale. Brynjolfsson and McFee1 have shown that notwithstanding a continuous rise in productivity, the last two decades exhibit a marked reduction in job opportunities. Frey and Osborne2 released a very interesting study of 702 occupations, identifying many that are on the road to extinction due to the modern trends mentioned. In the US the authors estimate that 47% of jobs are at risk of being automated within a decade or two. This will add to the jobs already lost by “off-shoring” manufactories. Also a fundamental psychological barrier exists and resides in the deeply engrained notion that income has to be linked to work. People will have to overcome this notion just as we had to overcome certain prejudices in the recent past related to slavery, torture and the rights of women and minorities, finally embracing solidarity in the economic realm.
It is our duty as a civilized society to provide a monthly grant that will allow those without means to provide for their basic needs. But the classical model of basic income is unjust in handing over cash to those who are well off. This practice could be acceptable if we suppose that a given population was living within the same level of their means. Then the grant would be a benefit equal to all. In all countries we have a centuries-old history of inequality. In Switzerland just about one citizen in 13 is poor and needs help from the state. In Brazil about one-quarter of the population is poor and are presently helped by the Bolsa Família program. The cost of benefiting everyone will be a formidable barrier to implement the idea besides being unjust. The classical model was probably born out of our prejudice against people receiving money without pay. Apparently to appease the well off, the most indignant against giving “money for doing nothing”, the classical model wants to “buy” them as beneficiaries of the idea. But we have to give cash “for doing nothing” because the affluent societies of today have to be responsible for the lack of job opportunities. Giving cash to the needy and letting them choose what to do with it has been shown to be not only just but also cost effective. Among other pilot experiments like the one in India3 it is noteworthy to remember the success of giving cash to homeless people in London4 or home for the homeless in Utah5. The excellent results cost less than the usual city expenses for caring for the homeless in both cases. The winning GiveDirectly initiative in Kenia and Uganda also reinforces the idea of addressing the poor. Many other experiments exist with excellent results.
The social services network present in all countries should be used. The first measure I propose, considering Brazil, is to remove all conditionalities linked to Bolsa Família or to unemployment benefits. The bureaucracy should analyze requests from the needy, families or individuals without income. After entering the monthly grant system the newcomer would have a generous time interval (years) before the grant expires. This longer interval will remove the “poverty trap” long enough for progress out of the grant system. In case a lack of income remains, the person/family will apply, near the end of the allotted time, to stay in the system. So whoever is in need will be helped and whoever falls into economic need will be supported. The amount paid should be enough for the basic needs of the person/family. Recipients who want to advance economically will pursue whatever full or part-time jobs are available or even start a business. The basic monthly cash should be followed with provisions of communal facilities for support and education for the beneficiaries whenever appropriate. In parallel, some of the suggestions exposed6 in the “Get America Working!” study could be implemented to reduce the cost of having workers by means of a tax rearrangement that would drastically shorten the current payroll expenses and many more jobs could be created.
Reducing economic uncertainty will have multiple benefits for society: the mental health value of reducing the anxiety and stress linked to insecurity, the social environment will be safer, and most importantly, the poverty trap will be neutralized, unleashing the creative potential of men and women.
Francisco G. Nóbrega
MD, PhD, is President of the Municipal Council for the Citizen’s Basic Income in the city of Santo Antonio do Pinhal, SP, Brazil. francisco.nobrega@gmail.com
The opinions expressed here are solely those of the author. I thank Jim Hesson for improving the English and suggestions by him and Marina P. Nobrega.
1- Race Against the Machine – how the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McFee, 2011, Digital Frontier Press, Mass, USA
2- The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerization? Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, 2013, https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf
3- Basic Income: A Transformative Policy for India. Sarath Davala, Renana Jhabvala, Soumya Kapoor Mehta, and Guy Standing. New Delhi: Bloomsbury Publishing India, December 2014.
4- The London experiment: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/free-money-might-be-the-best-way-to-end-poverty/2013/12/29/679c8344-5ec8-11e3-95c2-13623eb2b0e1_story.html
5- The Utah experiment: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/22/home-free
6- Get America Working! site: https://www.getamericaworking.org
